Frontal Lobe Dementia FLD

Frontal Lobe Dementia

Frontal lobe dementia is the name given to any dementia caused by damage to this part of the brain. It includes Pick's disease but can also be caused by other diseases. They all have similar symptoms and prognoses.

Pick's Disease (Frontotemporal lobar degeneration)

A progressive dementia occurring in middle life characterised by slowly developing changes in character and social behaviour, or impairment of language, due to degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Some dementias, however, do not follow this pattern. Vascular dementias have recently been characterized by specific diagnostic criteria. They can be summarized by sudden onset of dementia and step-wise progression with focal neurological findings and positive brain imaging. Lewy body dementia is characterized by early appearance of symptoms in the course of dementia, accompanied by progression and hallucinations. Primary progressive aphasia includes early dissolution of speech in an otherwise cognitively intact individual. They can become globally aphasic in spite of being able to continue to run a household or even work. Eventually 20% per year progress to dementia, which appears similar in the advanced states to Alzheimer's disease.

Frontal lobe dementias are characterized by early psychiatric symptoms followed later by cognitive impairments. Frontal lobe syndrome is therefore the presenting symptomatology: apathy, poor social judgment, and bizarre behavior. Histologically, the frontal lobe dementias are proven to be characterized by Pick's cells (Pick's disease). At the present time, these diverse histological types are clinically indistinguishable.

Symptoms of Frontal Lobe (aka Frontotemporal) Dementia:

• Impairments in social skills
  - inappropriate or bizarre social behavior (e.g., eating with one's fingers in public, doing sit-ups in a public restroom, being overly familiar with strangers)
  - "loosening" of normal social restraints (e.g., using obscene language or making inappropriate sexual remarks)
• Change in activity level
  - apathy, withdrawal, loss of interest, lack of motivation, and initiative which may appear to be depression but the patient does not experience sad feelings.
  - in some instances there is an increase in purposeless activity (e.g., pacing, constant cleaning) or agitation.
• Decreased Judgment
  - impairments in financial decision- making (e.g., impulsive spending)
  - difficulty recognizing consequences of behavior
  - lack of appreciation for threats to safety (e.g., inviting strangers into home)
• Changes in personal habits
  - lack of concern over personal appearance
  - irresponsibility
  - compulsiveness (need to carry out repeated actions that are inappropriate or not relevant to the situation at hand.
• Alterations in personality and mood
  - increased irritability, decreased ability to tolerate frustration
• Changes is one's customary emotional responsiveness
  - a lack of sympathy or compassion in someone who was typically responsive to others' distress
  - heightened emotionality in someone who was typically less emotionally responsive

Persons with this form of dementia may look like they have problems in almost all areas of mental function. This is because all mental activity requires attention, concentration and the ability to organize information, all of which are impaired in frontal lobe dementia. Careful testing, however, usually shows that most of the problems stem from a lack of persistence and increased inertia.

What are the differences between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease?
The main difference between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease is that the damage occurs in different areas of the brain, at least in the early stages. In most cases of Pick's disease, the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are the areas affected and with Alzheimer's disease, the temporal and parietal lobes are affected.

Who gets frontal lobe dementia?

Frontal lobe dementia, including Pick's disease, can affect both men and women. Although it can affect people at any age, it usually begins between 40 to 65 years of age.

Duration and Treatment of Frontal Lobe Dementia - FLD

The length of FTD varies, with some patients declining rapidly over two to three years and others showing only minimal changes over a decade. Studies have shown persons with FTD to live with the disease an average of eight years, with a range from three years to 17 years.

No medications are known currently to treat or prevent FTD. Serotonin-boosting medications may alleviate some behaviors.

Dementia Overview
Multi infarct Dementia
Fronto Temporal dementia
Lewy Body dementia
Frontal Lobe dementia
Parkinsons-Dementia
Pick's disease
Niemann-Pick Disease

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